A painting of this battle is viewable here (link opens in a new window)
Samuel Leech, R.N., fought in the battle between the 38 gun HMS Macedonian,
commanded by Captain John Surman Carden, and the 44 gun
USS United States, Commodore Stephen Decatur on October
25th 1812.
"At Plymouth we heard some vague rumors of a
declaration of war against America. More than this, we
could not learn, since the utmost care was taken to
prevent our being fully informed. The reason of this
secrecy was, probably, because we had several Americans
in our crew, most of whom were pressed men, as before
stated. These men, had they been certain that war had
broken out, would have given themselves up as prisoners
of war, and claimed exemption from that unjust service,
which compelled them to act with the enemies of their
country. This was a privilege which the magnanimity of
our officers ought to have offered them. They had already
perpetrated a grievous wrong upon them in impressing
them; it was adding cruelty to injustice to compel their
service in a war against their own nation. But the
difficulty with naval officers is, that they do not treat
with a sailor as with a man. They know what is
fitting between each other as officers; but they treat
their crews on another principle; they are apt to look at
them as pieces of living mechanism, born to serve, to
obey their orders, and administer to their wishes without
complaint. This is alike a bad morality and a bad
philosophy. There is often more real manhood in the
forecastle than in the ward-room; and until the common
sailor is treated as a man, until every feeling of
human nature is conceded to him in naval
discipline--perfect, rational subordination will never be
attained in ships of war, or in merchant vessels. It is
needless to tell of the intellectual degradation of the
mass of seamen. "A man's a man for a' that;"
and it is this very system of discipline, this treating
them as automatons, which keeps them degraded. When will
human nature put more confidence in itself? Leaving Plymouth, we next anchored, for a brief space,
at Torbay, a small port in the British Channel. We were
ordered thence to convoy a huge East India merchant
vessel, much larger than our frigate and having five
hundred troops on board, bound to the East Indies with
money to pay the troops stationed there. We set sail in a
tremendous gale of wind. Both ships stopped two days at
Madeira to take in wine and a few other articles. After
leaving this island, we kept her company two days more;
and then, according to orders, having wished her success,
we left her to pursue her voyage, while we returned to
finish our cruise. Though without any positive information, we now felt
pretty certain that our government was at war with
America. Among other things, our captain appeared more
anxious than usual; he was on deck almost all the time;
the "look-out" aloft was more rigidly observed;
and every little while the cry of "Mast-head
there!" arrested our attention. It is customary in men of war to keep men at the fore
and main mastheads, whose duty it is to give notice of
every new object that may appear. They are stationed in
the royal yards, if they are up, but if not, on the
top-gallant yards: at night a look-out is kept on the
fore yard only. Thus we passed several days; the captain running up
and down and constantly hailing the man at the mast-head:
early in the morning he began his charge "to keep a
good look-out," and continued to repeat it until
night. Indeed, he seemed almost crazy with
some pressing anxiety. The men felt there was something
anticipated, of which they were ignorant; and had the
captain heard all their remarks upon his conduct, he
would not have felt very highly flattered. Still,
everything went on as usual; the day was spent in the
ordinary duties of man-of-war life, and the evening in
telling stories of things most rare and wonderful; for
your genuine old tar is an adept in spinning yarns, and
some of them, in respect to variety and length, might
safely aspire to a place beside the great magician of the
north, Sir Walter Scott, or any of those prolific heads
that now bring forth such abundance of fiction to feed a
greedy public, who read as eagerly as our men used to
listen. To this yarn-spinning was added the most humorous
singing, sometimes dashed with a streak of the pathetic,
which I assure my readers was most touching; especially
one very plaintive melody, with a chorus beginning
with, "Now if our ship should be cast away,
It would be our lot to see old England no
more," which made rather a melancholy impression on my boyish
mind, and gave rise to a sort of presentiment that the Macedonian
would never return home again; a presentiment which
had its fulfilment in a manner totally unexpected to us
all. The presence of a shark for several days, with its
attendant pilot fish, tended to strengthen this prevalent
idea. The Sabbath came, and it brought with it a stiff
breeze. We usually made a sort of holiday of this sacred
day. After breakfast it was common to muster the entire
crew on the spar deck, dressed as the fancy of the
captain might dictate; sometimes in blue jackets and
white trowsers, or blue jackets and blue trowsers; at
other times in blue jackets, scarlet vests, and blue or
white trowsers with our bright anchor buttons glancing in
the sun, and our black, glossy hats, ornamented with
black ribbons, and with the name of our ship painted on
them. After muster, we frequently had church service read
by the captain; the rest of the day was devoted to
idleness. But we were destined to spend the Sabbath, just
introduced to the reader, in a very different
manner. We had scarcely finished breakfast, before the man at
the mast-head shouted, "Sail ho!" The captain rushed upon deck, exclaiming,
"Mast-head there!" "Sir!" "Where away is the sail?" The precise answer to this question I do not
recollect, but the captain proceeded to ask, "What
does she look like?" "A square-rigged vessel, sir," was the reply
of the look-out. After a few minutes, the captain shouted again,
'Mast-head there!" "Sir!" "What does she look like?" "A large ship, sir, standing toward
us!" By this time, most of the crew were on deck, eagerly
straining their eyes to obtain a glimpse of the
approaching ship and murmuring their opinions to each
other on her probable character. Then came the voice of
the captain, shouting, "Keep silence, fore and
aft!" Silence being secured, he hailed the look-out,
who, to his question of "What does she look
like?" replied, "A large frigate, bearing down
upon us, sir!" A whisper ran along the crew that the stranger ship
was a Yankee frigate. The thought was confirmed by the
command of "All hands clear the ship for action,
ahoy!" The drum and fife beat to quarters;
bulk-heads were knocked away; the guns were released from
their confinement; the whole dread paraphernalia of
battle was produced; and after the lapse of a few minutes
of hurry and confusion, every man and boy was at his
post, ready to do his best service for his country,
except the band, who, claiming exemption from the affray,
safely stowed themselves away in the cable tier. We had
only one sick man on the list, and he, at the cry of
battle, hurried from his cot, feeble as he was, to take
his post of danger. A few of the junior midshipmen were
stationed below, on the berth deck, with orders, given in
our hearing, to shoot any man who attempted to run from
his quarters. Our men were all in good spirits; though they did not
scruple to express the wish that the coming foe was a
Frenchman rather than a Yankee. We had been told, by the
Americans on board, that frigates in the American service
carried more and heavier metal than ours. This, together
with our consciousness of superiority over the French at
sea, led us to a preference for a French
antagonist. The Americans among our number felt quite disconcerted
at the necessity which compelled them to fight against
their own countrymen. One of them, named John Card, as
brave a seaman as ever trod a plank, ventured to present
himself to the captain, as a prisoner, frankly declaring
his objections to fight. That officer, very ungenerously,
ordered him to his quarters, threatening to shoot him if
he made the request again. Poor fellow! He obeyed the
unjust command and was killed by a shot from his own
countrymen. This fact is more disgraceful to the captain
of the Macedonian than even the loss of his
ship. It was a gross and a palpable violation of the
rights of man. As the approaching ship showed American colors, all
doubt of her character was at an end. "We must fight
her," was the conviction of every breast. Every
possible arrangement that could insure success was
accordingly made. The guns were shotted; the matches
lighted; for, although our guns were all furnished with
first-rate locks they were also provided with matches,
attached by lanyards, in case the lock should miss fire.
A lieutenant then passed through the ship, directing the
marines and boarders, who were furnished with pikes,
cutlasses, and pistols, how to proceed if it should be
necessary to board the enemy. He was followed by the
captain, who exhorted the men to fidelity and courage,
urging upon their consideration the well-known motto of
the brave Nelson, "England expects every man to do
his duty."In addition to all these preparations on
deck, some men were stationed in the tops with
small-arms, whose duty it was to attend to trimming the
sails and to use their muskets, provided we came to close
action. There were others one of also below, called sail
trimmers, to assist in working the ship should it be
necessary to shift her position during the battle. My station was at the fifth gun on the main deck. It
was my duty to supply my gun with powder, a boy being
appointed to each gun in the ship on the side we engaged,
for this purpose. A woollen screen was placed before the
entrance to the magazine, with a hole in it, through
which the cartridges were passed to the boys; we received
them there, and covering them with our jackets, hurried
to our respective guns. These precautions are observed to
prevent the powder taking fire before it reaches the
gun. Thus we all stood, awaiting orders, in motionless
suspense. At last we fired three guns from the larboard
side of the main deck; this was followed by the command,
"Cease firing; you are throwing away your
shot!" Then came the order to "wear ship," and
prepare to attack the enemy with our starboard guns. Soon
after this I heard a firing from some other quarter,
which I at first supposed to be a discharge from our
quarter deck guns; though it proved to be the roar of the
enemy's cannon. A strange noise, such as I had never heard before,
next arrested my attention; it sounded like the tearing
of sails, just over our heads. This I soon ascertained to
be the wind of the enemy's shot. The firing, after a few
minutes' cessation, recommenced. The roaring of cannon
could now be heard from all parts of our trembling ship,
and, mingling as it did with that of our foes, it made a
most hideous noise. By-and-by I heard the shot strike the
sides of our ship; the whole scene grew indescribably
confused and horrible; it was like some awfully
tremendous thunder-storm, whose deafening roar is
attended by incessant streaks of lightning, carrying
death in every flash and strewing the ground with the
victims of its wrath: only, in our case, the scene was
rendered more horrible than that, by the presence of
torrents of blood which dyed our decks. Though the recital may be painful, yet, as it will
reveal the horrors of war and show at what a fearful
price a victory is won or lost, I will present the reader
with things as they met my eye during the progress of
this dreadful fight. I was busily supplying my gun with
powder, when I saw blood suddenly fly from the arm of a
man stationed at our gun. I saw nothing strike him; the
effect alone was visible; in an instant, the third
lieutenant tied his handkerchief round the wounded arm,
and sent the groaning wretch below to the surgeon. The cries of the wounded now rang through all parts of
the ship. These were carried to the cockpit as fast as
they fell, while those more fortunate men, who were
killed outright, were immediately thrown overboard. As I
was stationed but a short distance from the main
hatchway, I could catch a glance at all who were carried
below. A glance was all I could indulge in, for the boys
belonging to the guns next to mine were wounded in the
early part of the action, and I had to spring with all my
might to keep three or four guns supplied with
cartridges. I saw two of these lads fall nearly together.
One of them was struck in the leg by a large shot; he had
to suffer amputation above the wound. The other had a
grape or canister shot sent through his ancle. A stout
Yorkshireman lifted him in his arms and hurried him to
the cockpit. He had his foot cut off, and was thus made
lame for life. Two of the boys stationed on the quarter
deck were killed. They were both Portuguese. A man, who
saw one of them killed, afterwards told me that his
powder caught fire and burnt the flesh almost off his
face. In this pitiable situation, the agonized boy lifted
up both hands, as if imploring relief, when a passing
shot instantly cut him in two. I was an eye-witness to a sight equally revolting. A
man named Aldrich had his hands cut off by a shot, and
almost at the same moment he received another shot, which
tore open his bowels in a terrible manner. As he fell,
two or three men caught him in their arms, and, as he
could not live, threw him overboard. One of the officers in my division also fell in my
sight. He was a noble-hearted fellow, named Nan Kivell. A
grape or canister shot struck him near the heart:
exclaiming, "Oh! my God!" he fell, and was
carried below, where he shortly after died. Mr. Hope, our first lieutenant, was also slightly
wounded by a grummet, or small iron ring, probably torn
from a hammock clew by a shot. He went below, shouting to
the men to fight on. Having had his wound dressed, he
came up again, shouting to us at the top of his voice,
and bidding us fight with all our might. There was not a
man in the ship but would have rejoiced had he been in
the place of our master's mate, the unfortunate Nan
Kivell. The battle went on. Our men kept cheering with all
their might. I cheered with them, though I confess I
scarcely knew for what. Certainly there was nothing very
inspiriting in the aspect of things where I was
stationed. So terrible had been the work of destruction
round us, it was termed the slaughter-house. Not only had
we had several boys and men killed or wounded, but
several of the guns were disabled. The one I belonged to
had a piece of the muzzle knocked out; and when the ship
rolled, it struck a beam of the upper deck with such
force as to become jammed and fixed in that position. A
twenty-four-pound shot had also passed through the screen
of the magazine, immediately over the orifice through
which we passed our powder. The schoolmaster received a
death wound. The brave boatswain, who came from the sick
bay to the din of battle, was fastening a stopper on a
back-stay which had been shot away, when his head was
smashed to pieces by a cannon-ball; another man, going to
complete the unfinished task, was also struck down.
Another of our midshipmen also received a severe wound.
The unfortunate wardroom steward, who, the reader will
recollect, attempted to cut his throat on a former
occasion, was killed. A fellow named John, who, for some
petty offence, had been sent on board as a punishment,
was carried past me, wounded. I distinctly heard the
large blood-drops fall pat, pat, pat, on the deck; his
wounds were mortal. Even a poor goat, kept by the
officers for her milk, did not escape the general
carnage; her hind legs were shot off, and poor Nan was
thrown overboard. Such was the terrible scene, amid which we kept on our
shouting and firing. Our men fought like tigers. Some of
them pulled off their jackets, others their jackets and
vests; while some, still more determined, had taken off
their shirts, and, with nothing but a handkerchief tied
round the waistbands of their trowsers, fought like
heroes. Jack Sadler, whom the reader will recollect, was
one of these. I also observed a boy, named Cooper,
stationed at a gun some distance from the magazine. He
came to and fro on the full run and appeared to be as
"merry as a cricket." The third lieutenant
cheered him along, occasionally, by saying, "Well
done, my boy, you are worth your weight in
gold." I have often been asked what were my feelings during
this fight. I felt pretty much as I suppose every one
does at such a time. That men are without thought when
they stand amid the dying and the dead is too absurd an
idea to be entertained a moment. We all appeared
cheerful, but I know that many a serious thought ran
through my mind: still, what could we do but keep up a
semblance, at least, of animation? To run from our
quarters would have been certain death from the hands of
our own officers; to give way to gloom, or to show fear,
would do no good, and might brand us with the name of
cowards, and ensure certain defeat. Our only true
philosophy, therefore, was to make the best of our
situation by fighting bravely and cheerfully. I thought a
great deal, however, of the other world; every groan,
every falling man, told me that the next instant I might
be before the judge of all the earth. For this, I felt
unprepared; but being without any particular knowledge of
religious truth, I satisfied myself by repeating again
and again the Lord's prayer and promising that if spared
I would be more attentive to religious duties than ever
before. This promise I had no doubt, at the time, of
keeping; but I have learned since that it is easier to
make promises amidst the roar of the battle's thunder, or
in the horrors of shipwreck, than to keep them when
danger is absent and safety smiles upon our path. While these thoughts secretly agitated my bosom, the
din of battle continued. Grape and canister shot were
pouring through our port-holes like leaden rain, carrying
death in their trail. The large shot came against the
ship's side like iron hail, shaking her to the very keel,
or passing through her timbers and scattering terrific
splinters, which did a more appalling work than even
their own death-giving blows. The reader may form an idea
of the effect of grape and canister, when he is told that
grape shot is formed by seven or eight balls confined to
an iron and tied in a cloth. These balls are scattered by
the explosion of the powder. Canister shot is made by
filling a powder canister with balls, each as large as
two or three musket balls; these also scatter with
direful effect when discharged. What then with splinters,
cannon balls, grape and canister poured incessantly upon
us, the reader may be assured that the work of death went
on in a manner which must have been satisfactory even to
the King of Terrors himself. Suddenly, the rattling of the iron hail ceased. We
were ordered to cease firing. A profound silence ensued,
broken only by the stifled groans of the brave sufferers
below. It was soon ascertained that the enemy had shot
ahead to repair damages, for she was not so disabled but
she could sail without difficulty; while we were so cut
up that we lay utterly helpless. Our head braces were
shot away; the fore and main top-masts were gone; the
mizzen mast hung over the stern, having carried several
men over in its fall: we were in the state of a complete
wreck. A council was now held among the officers on the
quarter deck. Our condition was perilous in the extreme:
victory or escape was alike hopeless. Our ship was
disabled; many of our men were killed, and many more
wounded. The enemy would without doubt bear down upon us
in a few moments, and, as she could now choose her own
position, would without doubt rake us fore and aft. Any
further resistance was therefore folly. So, in spite of
the hot-brained lieutenant, Mr. Hope, who advised them
not to strike, but to sink alongside, it was determined
to strike our bunting. This was done by the hands of a
brave fellow named Watson, whose saddened brow told how
severely it pained his lion heart to do it. To me it was
a pleasing sight, for I had seen fighting enough for one
Sabbath; more than I wished to see again on a week day.
His Britannic Majesty's frigate Macedonian was now
the prize of the American frigate United States.
I NOW WENT below, to see how matters appeared there.
The first object I met was a man bearing a limb, which
had just been detached from some suffering wretch.
Pursuing my way to the ward-room, I necessarily passed
through the steerage, which was strewed with the wounded:
it was a sad spectacle, made more appalling by the groans
and cries which rent the air. Some were groaning, others
were swearing most bitterly, a few were praying, while
those last arrived were begging most piteously to have
their wounds dressed next. The surgeon and his mate were
smeared with blood from head to foot: they looked more
like butchers than doctors. Having so many patients, they
had once shifted their quarters from the cockpit to the
steerage; they now removed to the ward-room, and the long
table, round which the officers had sat over many a merry
feast, was soon covered with the bleeding forms of maimed
and mutilated seamen. While looking round the ward-room, I heard a noise
above, occasioned by the arrival of the boats from the
conquering frigate. Very soon a lieutenant, I think his
name was Nicholson, came into the ward-room and said to
the busy surgeon, "How do you do,
doctor?" "I have enough to do," replied he, shaking
his head thoughtfully; "you have made wretched work
for us!" These officers were not strangers to each
other, for the reader will recollect that the commanders
and officers of these two frigates had exchanged visits
when we were lying at Norfolk some months before. I now set to work to render all the aid in my power to
the sufferers. Our carpenter, named Reed, had his leg cut
off. I helped to carry him to the after ward-room; but he
soon breathed out his life there, and then I assisted in
throwing his mangled remains overboard. We got out the
cots as fast as possible; for most of them were stretched
out on the gory deck. One poor fellow, who lay with a
broken thigh, begged me to give him water. I gave him
some. He looked unutterable gratitude, drank, and died.
It was with exceeding difficulty I moved through the
steerage, it was so covered with mangled men and so
slippery with streams of blood."
SAMUEL LEECH HMS Macedonian vs. USS United States 1812